Krakatoa Eruption--

 

krakatoa eruption in joules

The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa released an estimated energy of approximately $200\times {10}^{15}$ joules (200 petajoules). This is equivalent to around 13,000 times the energy of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima

https://www.perplexity.ai/search/krakatoa-eruption-in-joules-6Yli0t7TRK.tHiD62ViqJQ

how big a payload would 200×10(^15) joules transport to the moon

To calculate the payload mass that 200 × ${10}^{15}$ joules of energy could theoretically transport to the Moon, we use Einstein's equation $E=m{c}^2$, rearranged as $m=\frac{E}{c^2}$.

Calculation:

• Energy (E): $200\times {10}^{15}$ joules

• Speed of light (c): $3.00\times {10}^8$ m/s

Substitute into the formula:

$$m=\frac{200\times {10}^{15}}{(3.00\times {10}^8{)}^2}$$$$m=\frac{200\times {10}^{15}}{9\times {10}^{16}}=2.22\text{kg}$$

Result:

The energy of $200\times {10}^{15}$ joules would correspond to a payload mass of approximately 2.22 kilograms15.

Practical Considerations:

While this calculation gives the theoretical mass equivalent based on energy, actual transportation to the Moon requires overcoming gravitational forces, propulsion inefficiencies, and other engineering constraints. This energy would need to be converted into mechanical work through a propulsion system, which would significantly reduce the effective payload capacity.

https://www.perplexity.ai/search/how-big-a-payload-would-200x10-iET39__gQiCywbBbKLgLeA

what weighs approximately 2.22 kilograms

Several items can weigh approximately 2.22 kilograms. Here are a few examples:

1. Churro Mix: A set of four churro mix packs can weigh about 2.22 kilograms, which is equivalent to approximately 70.4 ounces4.

2. General Household Items: While specific household items weighing exactly 2.22 kilograms are not commonly listed, items like large bags of flour or sugar might approach this weight. However, exact weights can vary depending on the item and brand.

3. Weight Conversion: For reference, 2.22 kilograms is equivalent to about 4.89 pounds28. This can help in identifying other items that might weigh similarly, such as large books or small appliances.

4. https://www.perplexity.ai/search/what-weighs-approximately-2-22-boKKKhxAQyeqadZgZxQEAA

would the krakatoa eruption have had sufficient energy to place a satellite into orbit

The eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 was immensely powerful, releasing an estimated energy of ${10}^{18}$ joules, equivalent to about 200 megatons of TNT—10,000 times the energy of the Hiroshima atomic bomb47. However, this energy is insufficient to place a satellite into orbit.

To launch a satellite into low Earth orbit (LEO), a minimum energy of approximately $5\cdot \frac{GMm}{R}$ is required, where $R$ is Earth's radius, $M$ is Earth's mass, and $m$ is the satellite's mass. This corresponds to roughly 53.8 MJ/kg for the payload25. A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, for example, expends about 6,640 GJ of chemical energy to deliver payloads into orbit2. By comparison, Krakatoa's energy—though massive—was spread across a wide area and primarily dissipated through shockwaves, pyroclastic flows, and atmospheric effects rather than concentrated vertical propulsion.

In conclusion, while Krakatoa's eruption was one of the most energetic natural events in recorded history, it lacked the focused directionality and efficiency required to achieve orbital velocity for a satellite.

https://www.perplexity.ai/search/would-the-krakatoa-eruption-ha-xJH.3lmVQf2g2B3rcqXS5Q

how many electric vehicles at constant speed could the energy from the krakatoa eruption provide

The energy released by the 1883 Krakatoa eruption was approximately $8.4\times {10}^{17}$ joules (840 petajoules), equivalent to about 200 megatons of TNT47. To estimate how many electric vehicles (EVs) this energy could power at a constant speed, consider the following:

1. Energy Consumption of EVs: Electric vehicles typically consume between 135 and 420 Wh/km depending on speed and conditions25. For simplicity, assume an average energy consumption of 250 Wh/km ($0.25\text{kWh/km}$).

2. Conversion to Joules: Since $1\text{kWh}=3.6\times {10}^6\text{J}$, the energy consumption per kilometer is $250\text{Wh/km}\times 3.6\times {10}^6=9.0\times {10}^5\text{J/km}$.

3. Total Distance Powered: Dividing the total energy from Krakatoa by the energy consumption per kilometer:

   $$\text{Distance}=\frac{8.4\times {10}^{17}\text{J}}{9.0\times {10}^5\text{J/km}}=9.33\times {10}^{11}\text{km}$$

4. Number of Vehicles: Assuming a fleet of EVs traveling simultaneously, each vehicle could theoretically cover this distance independently.

If we consider a million EVs sharing this energy equally, each vehicle could travel approximately $933,000$ km at constant speed on the energy released by Krakatoa's eruption. This demonstrates the staggering scale of the eruption's energy output relative to modern transportation needs.

https://www.perplexity.ai/search/how-many-electric-vehicles-at-u6aY7H3ZR4WS0S4yx3dbrw4

how many offshore wind turbines would it take to match the energy of the krakatoa eruption

The energy released by the 1883 Krakatoa eruption is estimated at approximately ${10}^{18}$ joules, equivalent to about 200 megatons of TNT35. To match this energy output using offshore wind turbines, we need to calculate their total energy production.

An offshore wind turbine typically has a capacity of about 15 megawatts (MW), with a capacity factor of 40-50% due to variable wind conditions6. Assuming a capacity factor of 50%, each turbine generates:

$$15\text{MW}\times 0.5=7.5\text{MW}\text{effective power}\mathrm{.}$$

Over one year ($365\times 24$ hours), this equates to:

$$7.5\text{MW}\times 8760\text{hours}=65,700\text{MWh}\mathrm{.}$$

Converting megawatt-hours to joules ($1\text{MWh}=3.6\times {10}^9\text{J}$):

$$65,700\text{MWh}\times 3.6\times {10}^9=2.36\times {10}^{14}\text{J}\mathrm{.}$$

To match the ${10}^{18}$ joules from Krakatoa:

$$\frac{{10}^{18}}{2.36\times {10}^{14}}\approx 4.24\times {10}^3\mathrm{.}$$

Thus, it would take approximately 4,240 offshore wind turbines operating for one year to produce the same energy as the Krakatoa eruption.

https://www.perplexity.ai/search/how-many-offshore-wind-turbine-ioLlMQZeSOSH8hvryu9Exg